Maya News Updates 2007, No. 62: Hurricane Dean - Passes Without Doing Damage to Archaeological Zones

Today, Wednesday August 22, 2007, the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia reported that the category 5 hurricane Dean passed over the Yucatan peninsula without doing much damage to the archaeological zones. With private and public property damaged along its path over the peninsula, based on the latest reports hurricane Dean unfortunately has taken human lifes. In Yucatan probably some 59 municipalities will be declared "zona de desastre," while many towns in Quintana Roo were hit full force by hurricane Dean. For instance, in Orthon P. Blanco close to 95% of property, goods, and houses show moderate to severe damage (edited by MNU):

Sin daños Zonas Arqueológicas y Museos - Las zonas arqueológicas y museos adscritos al Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) en los estados de Yucatán y Quintana Roo, no fueron afectados por el paso del huracán Dean, por lo que el patrimonio cultural en aquella región permanece intacto.
Así lo declararon Federica Sodi Miranda y Adriana Velázquez Morlet, directoras de los centros INAH en Yucatán y Quintana Roo, respectivamente, quienes informaron que, de acuerdo con reportes preliminares, en algunos sitios arqueológicos sólo se registraron encharcamientos, caída de ramas, árboles y palmeras, así como falta de energía eléctrica que no afectan las estructuras piramidales prehispánicas. Destacaron que los sitios arqueológicos permanecerán cerrados hasta garantizar la completa seguridad de los visitantes y resaltaron que, el saldo blanco registrado hasta el momento en esos lugares, se debió en gran parte a la aplicación permanente del Programa de Prevención de Desastres en Materia de Patrimonio Cultural (Previnah).
Cabe recordar que este programa, a cargo de la Coordinación Nacional de Centros INAH, se creó desde 2001 con el objeto de sensibilizar, capacitar y difundir información a los trabajadores de la institución para establecer acciones de carácter preventivo, de tal manera que se resguarde el patrimonio cultural cuando ocurra un fenómeno natural de este tipo. De esta manera quedan protegidas zonas arqueológicas, monumentos históricos y bienes muebles bajo custodia del INAH con la asesoría de expertos del Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (Cenapred) y Protección Civil de la Secretaría de Gobernación.
Tras reunirse con los directores de las distintas zonas arqueológicas del estado de Yucatán, Sodi Miranda apuntó que Dzibilchaltún y su museo, Ruinas de Aké, Izamal, Ek Balam, Oxkintok, Mayapán, Balamcanché, Chichén Itzá, Uxmal, Loltún, Kabah, Labná, Sayil y Xlapak, no registran daños. En cuanto al sitio arqueológico de Chacmultún (localizado a tres horas de distancia de la ciudad de Mérida), el camino de acceso se encuentra anegado, lo que impide saber su situación; sin embargo, confía en que las medidas preventivas de seguridad hayan funcionado adecuadamente como en los otros sitios.
En el Museo Regional de Yucatán Palacio Cantón y la Pinacoteca Juan Gamboa Guzmán, se aplicaron las medidas establecidas por el Previnah que incluyen la protección de archivos, cubrir los bienes culturales expuestos, retirar los objetos que puedan convertirse en proyectiles, el embalaje de bienes muebles, la colocación de lonas, el retiro y resguardo de colecciones, además de la limpieza de los canales de desagüe, lo que impidió daños al patrimonio cultural.
En Quintana Roo, Adriana Velázquez resaltó que el paso del meteoro por la entidad obligó el cierre de las zonas arqueológicas de Chacchoben, Oxtankah, Kohunlich y Dzibanché-Kinichná, en donde se registraron caída de palmas y ramas de árboles que obstaculizan los caminos de acceso. De inmediato iniciaron los trabajos de limpieza (source INAH).

Maya News Updates 2007, No. 61: Ceren, El Salvador - Boulder Archaeological Team Finds First Manioc Fields in the Americas

On Monday, August 20, 2007, the online newscenter of the University of Colorado at Boulder posted a press-release that reports on the recent discovery of the first manioc field in the Americas. The fields were found at the archaeological site of El Ceren, El Salvador, by a team of archaeologists from this university. The site of El Ceren is particularly known for the fact that it was covered in ash after the Loma Caldera volcano eruption some 1,400 ago; the manioc fields were found under some ten feet of ash (edited by MNU):

CU-Boulder Archaeology Team Discovers First Ancient Manioc Fields In Americas - A University of Colorado at Boulder team excavating an ancient Maya village in El Salvador buried by a volcanic eruption 1,400 years ago has discovered an ancient field of manioc, the first evidence for cultivation of the calorie-rich tuber in the New World. The manioc field was discovered under roughly 10 feet of ash, said CU-Boulder anthropology Professor Payson Sheets, who has been directing the excavation of the ancient village of Ceren since its discovery in 1978.

Considered the best-preserved ancient village in Latin America, Ceren's buildings, artifacts and landscape were frozen in time by the sudden eruption of the nearby Loma Caldera volcano about 600 A.D., providing a unique window on the everyday lives of prehistoric Mayan farmers. The discovery marks the first time manioc cultivation has been discovered at an archaeological site anywhere in the Americas, said Sheets. The National Geographic Society funded the 2007 CU-Boulder research effort at Ceren, the most recent of five research grants made by NGS to the ongoing excavations by Sheets and his students. "We have long wondered what else the prehistoric Mayan people were growing and eating besides corn and beans, so finding this field was a jackpot of sorts for us," he said. "Manioc's extraordinary productivity may help explain how the Classic Maya at huge sites like Tikal in Guatemala and Copan in Honduras supported such dense populations."

In June, the researchers used ground-penetrating radar, drill cores and test pits to pinpoint and uncover several large, parallel planting beds separated by walkways, said Sheets. Ash hollows in the planting beds left by decomposed plant material were cast with dental plaster to preserve their shapes and subsequently were identified as manioc tubers, an important, high-carbohydrate food source for Latin Americans today, said Sheets. Evidence indicated the manioc bushes had just been cut down, most of the tubers harvested and the beds replanted with manioc stalks placed horizontally in the soil to regenerate bushes for the next cycle of growth, he said. The presence of volcanic ash just underneath hand-shaped dirt overhangs in the beds indicates the stalks were planted "just hours before the eruption," he said. "What we essentially found was a freshly planted manioc field that was 1,400 years old," said Sheets. "Once again, we felt like we were right on the heels of these ancient people because of the exquisite preservation provided by the volcanic ash."

Each hand-shaped planting bed was about three feet wide and two feet high -- about 10 times larger than traditional planting beds for corn -- although the lengths of the rows are still unknown, he said. Each manioc stalk, or cutting, had been carefully placed in the ground with a growth "node" pointing toward the surface to generate a new bush and several nodes pointing down to generate the edible tubers and regular roots, he said. Archaeologists had suspected ancient Mayans had cultivated and consumed manioc for its high-energy value, he said. Also known as cassava, manioc provides one of the highest yields of food energy per acre per day of any cultivated crop in the world. The CU-Boulder team is working with scientists at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., to develop new soil-analysis techniques to detect starch grains like those from manioc that will work at a wide range of archaeological sites, said Sheets. "We don't want to find out that Ceren was unique in manioc cultivation," said Sheets. "We hope archaeologists eventually find evidence for this kind of activity at sites throughout the region. From an archaeological standpoint, there are few things as important as discovering the sources of day-to-day subsistence for ancient cultures."

The team also included CU-Boulder anthropology graduate students Christine Dixon and Adam Blanford, geology graduate student Monica Guerra and archaeological geophysicist Larry Conyers. Conyers is a University of Denver faculty member who had worked at Ceren and received his CU-Boulder doctorate under Sheets in 1995. Sheets and his colleagues previously determined the eruption at Ceren occurred on an early August evening because of the height of corn stalks and the fact that the farming implements had been brought inside but the sleeping mats had not yet been rolled out. Thus far 12 buildings at Ceren -- believed to have been home to several hundred people -- have been excavated, including living quarters, storehouses, workshops, kitchens, religious buildings and a community sauna. Several dozen other structures located with ground-penetrating radar remain buried under up to 17 feet of ash, said Sheets.

Although the absence of human remains at Ceren initially puzzled scientists, the 1993 discovery that an earthquake rocked the site just prior to the eruption indicated the villagers might have had just enough warning to flee. "They did not even have time to remove their most valued belongings," said Sheets. Preservation of organic materials at Ceren -- including thatched roofs, house beams, woven baskets, cloth and grain caches -- has been deemed superior to the organic preservation at the Italian site of Pompeii, by archaeologists and vulcanologists who have visited the Salvadoran site from around the world.

Located 15 miles west of San Salvador, the Ceren project involves scores of experts from the United States and El Salvador, including dozens of CU students and faculty. Past research at Ceren also has been funded by the National Science Foundation (source University of Colorado at Boulder, News Center).